Myopic Versus Farsighted Behaviors in a Low-Carbon Supply Chain with Reference Emission Effects

The increased carbon emissions cause relatively climate deterioration and attract more attention of governments, consumers, and enterprises to the low-carbon manufacturing. This paper considers a dynamic supply chain, which is composed of a manufacturer and a retailer, in the presence of the cap-and-trade regulation and the consumers’ reference emission effects. To investigate the manufacturer’s behavior choice and its impacts on the emission reduction and pricing strategies together with the profits of both the channel members, we develop a Stackelberg differential game model in which the manufacturer acts in both myopic and farsighted manners. By comparing the equilibrium strategies, it can be found that the farsighted manufacturer always prefers to keep a lower level of emission reduction. When the emission permit price is relatively high, the wholesale/retail price is lower if the manufacturer is myopic and hence benefits consumers. In addition, there exists a dilemma that the manufacturer is willing to act in a farsighted manner but the retailer looks forward to a partnership with the myopic manufacturer. For a relatively high price of emission permit, adopting myopic strategies results in a better performance of the whole supply chain

Existence of periodic solutions for a periodic mutualism model on time scales

AbstractBy using Mawhin's continuation theorem of coincidence degree theory, sufficient criteria are obtained for the existence of periodic solutions of the mutualism model{xΔ(t)=r1(t)[K1(t)+α1(t)exp{y(t−τ2(t,y(t)))}1+exp{y(t−τ2(t,y(t)))}−exp{x(t−σ1(t,x(t)))}],yΔ(t)=r2(t)[K2(t)+α2(t)exp{x(t−τ1(t,x(t)))}1+exp{x(t−τ1(t,x(t)))}−exp{y(t−σ2(t,y(t)))}], where ri,Ki,αi∈C(T,R+), αi>Ki, i=1,2, τi,σi∈C(T×R,T+), i=1,2, ri, Ki, αi, τi, σi (i=1,2) are functions of period ω>0

Extremal Solutions of Periodic Boundary Value Problems for First-Order Impulsive Integrodifferential Equations of Mixed-Type on Time Scales

We consider the existence of minimal and maximal solutions of periodic boundary value problems for first-order impulsive integrodifferential equations of mixed-type on time scales by establishing a comparison result and using the monotone iterative technique